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Anlässlich der Neufassung der EU Aufnahme-Richtlinie ((RL 2013/33) untersuchten WissenschaftlerInnen der sozialrechtlichen Abteilung die gesetzlichen Regelungen in 15 Ländern. Das Gemeinsame Europäische Asylsystem besteht aus einem in allen Ländern der EU geltenden rechtlichen Rahmen, der in diesen Staaten allerdings sehr unterschiedlich ausgefüllt wird. Die Herausbildung von gemeinsamen Aufnahmestandards steht erst am Anfang. In den Vergleich einbezogen wurden aus der EU die südeuropäischen Staaten Spanien, Italien und Griechenland sowie die Gren- beziehungsweise Transitländer Bulgarien und Ungarn. Untersucht wurden mit Frankreich, den Niederlanden, Österreich und Polen auch Nachbarstaaten Deutschlands. Hinzu kommen Großbritannien mit der niedrigsten Aufnahmequote und Schweden, das gemessen an der Bevölkerung die meisten Flüchtlinge aufnimmt bzw. aufgenommen hat. Schließlich wurden auch die Türkei, Russland und die USA aufgrund jeweils besonderer Problemlagen berücksichtigt.

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Im März 2012 startet das Projekt „Sprach- und Lernförderung Unbegleiteter Minderjähriger Flüchtlinge (UMF) zur Integration in das deutsche (Aus-)Bildungssystem“ in Kooperation zwischen dem FIBW und dem Institut für Sprachen. Dieses Projekt hat die mittelfristige Vorbereitung oder die Schul- und Lernförderung Unbegleiteter Minderjähriger Flüchtlinge zur Integration in das deutsche Ausbildungssystem zum Ziel. Es beinhaltet den Entwurf eines Konzepts zur Sprach- und Lernstandsmessung für die Zielgruppe UMF in den Sprachen: Arabisch, Somalisch, Amharisch, Tigrinya, Dari und Kurdisch, die Durchführung Schulvorbereitender und Schulbegleitender Sprachkurse sowie Ausbildungsvorbereitender und -begleitender Maßnahmen. Begleitet wird das Projekt durch eine wissenschaftliche Forschung, in deren Verlauf eine Studie zur rechtlichen Stellung, schulischen Situation der UMF’s, sowie eine Empfehlung weiterer politischer und zivilgesellschaftlicher Maßnahmen entsteht. Das Projekt wird aus Mitteln des Europäischen Flüchtlingsfonds (EFF) über das Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) gefördert und hat eine Gesamtlaufzeit von drei Jahren bis Ende Februar 2015.

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Im Dissertationsprojekt von Ann-Kathrin Kobelt werden Interviews mit Sprach- und Integrationsmittelnden (SprInt) geführt und mittels Dokumentarischer Methode analysiert. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei auf den Wahrnehmungen zu Sprachen und den dem Zentrum namengebendem Begriff Integration. Erhoben wird, wie SprInt Sprachen in eigenen und fremden Integrationsprozessen fassen. Hierbei spielen insbesondere die Fremd- und Eigenheit eine Rolle sowie die daraus entstandenen Hegemonien und ihre Auswirkungen. Ziel des Projekts ist es, die Positionen des Zwischen, insbesondere jene zwischen Sprachen in Integrationsprozessen zu rekonstruieren. Anhand der Forschungsergebnisse können bestehende Diskurse, Praxen sowie die Forschung zu Integration reflektiert und vor allem für den akademischen wie auch didaktischen Bereich DaF/DaZ sowie die Fremdheits-, Mehrsprachigkeitsforschung nutzbar gemacht werden.

Abstract

Ann-Kathrin Kobelt, a PhD candidate at the Center for Integration Research, is currently analyzing interviews with Community Interpreter (CI, in German: Sprach- und Integrationsmittelnde, SprInt). In this context, she operates the Documentary Method. Focusing on perception of languages and especially on the term »integration«, she collects and highlights the effects as well as the impacts of CI on languages in integration procedures. Following this spirit, she also focuses on strangeness and idiosyncrasy as well as consequential hegemonies. The objective of this fundamental research is to reconstruct the position of in-between; especially those in-between languages in integration procedures. The obtained results are represented by available discourses, practices, and research methodologies in integration that could be deliberated and utilized in both the academic and educational field of German as a foreign language (DaF), German as second language (DaZ), and in the research of foreign languages and multilingualism, respectively

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Im Rahmen des DFG-geförderten Forschungsprojektes "Die Transnationalisierung des Staates im Prozess der Herausbildung einer gemeinsamen europäischen Migrationskontrollpolitik" (gem. mit John Kannankulam und Jens Wissel) werden genderspezifische Fragen des Migrationsrechts in zwei Fallstudien untersucht: 1. Fallstudie zu den Auswirkungen der Anerkennung des Asylgrundes 'geschlechtsspezifische' bzw. 'nichtstaatliche Verfolgung' in der EU-Qualifikationsrichtlinie; 2. Fallstudie zum Versuch der Harmonisierung der Regelungen zur Arbeitsmigration in der EU unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Haushaltsarbeiterinnen und Hochqualifizierten.

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(nicht vorhanden)

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The purpose of this thesis is to advance the understanding of refugees’ everyday life conditions within the European Union today. While in the years of the cold war the “refugee” was rather seen as a “hero”, nowadays (s)he is represented as a “victim” (Marchetti, 2014b): In the public discourse the word “Refugee” is currently associated to words such as “marginalization”, “poverty”. Indeed most of refugees are experiencing all of this. Moving away from this perspective in this dissertation I consider refugees as social actors in the European Union system; I have focused on their mobility across countries, namely Italy and Germany, because mobility is a necessary – although unequally accessible – resource in order to build a living. This thesis describes and explains the mechanisms that lie in refugees’ lived experiences of discrimination and marginalization, notably focusing on the legal status of refugees and their mobility, analysing their interaction within the Schengen area. Basing on an ethnographic research, this thesis thus explores and analyses the cross-national mobility of refugees’ within the Schengen area and the living conditions of refugees both in loco and while moving across Turin and Berlin, two cities that are two important knots in the wide spanning web of contacts of refugees who took part in my research.

Abstract

The purpose of this thesis is to advance the understanding of refugees’ everyday life conditions within the European Union today. While in the years of the cold war the “refugee” was rather seen as a “hero”, nowadays (s)he is represented as a “victim” (Marchetti, 2014b): In the public discourse the word “Refugee” is currently associated to words such as “marginalization”, “poverty”. Indeed most of refugees are experiencing all of this. Moving away from this perspective in this dissertation I consider refugees as social actors in the European Union system; I have focused on their mobility across countries, namely Italy and Germany, because mobility is a necessary – although unequally accessible – resource in order to build a living. This thesis describes and explains the mechanisms that lie in refugees’ lived experiences of discrimination and marginalization, notably focusing on the legal status of refugees and their mobility, analysing their interaction within the Schengen area. Basing on an ethnographic research, this thesis thus explores and analyses the cross-national mobility of refugees’ within the Schengen area and the living conditions of refugees both in loco and while moving across Turin and Berlin, two cities that are two important knots in the wide spanning web of contacts of refugees who took part in my research.

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(nicht vorhanden)

Abstract

Doctoral fellows will be part of a small, highly interdisciplinary research group and work on individual doctoral projects. Different research perspectives will examine the umbrella topic of forced migration, which is understood as a cross-border “migratory movement in which an element of coercion exists, including threats to life and livelihood, whether arising from natural or man-made causes” (International Organisation for Migration). The Mikrokolleg is located at Ruhr-Universität Bochum and professors from different disciplines define research perspectives that doctoral candidates can work on, such as (1) analyzing the root causes of international forced migration in the home countries, including poverty, loss of land, and the persecution due to ethnicity, traditions and religious beliefs, (2) evaluating the effectiveness of different international approaches to fight these root courses in the home countries, such as foreign aid, institution building and democracy promotion, (3) focusing on the rights of forced migrants and refugees in different legal orders and on the duties of the involved actors, including the host state, international of regional organisations,and/or (4) analyzing the geographies of movement by comparing the characteristics of different important migration routes.

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Grenzüberschreitende Migration wirft eine Reihe von Fragen auf, die sich aus der Perspekti-ve ihrer staatlichen und überstaatlichen rechtlichen Regelung auf drei große Bereiche auftei-len lassen: (1) die „freiwillige“, „gewöhnliche“ Migration (Erwerbstätigkeit, Bildung, Familien-zusammenführung etc.), (2) die „erzwungene“ Migration (Flucht), (3) Zugehörigkeit. Migrati-onsrecht entscheidet nicht nur über Einreise und Aufenthalt, sondern immer auch darüber, welche Art von Zugehörigkeit (als „Migrationsfolge“) Migrantinnen und Migranten zukommt. Das Migrationsrecht kennt hierfür verschiedene Aufenthaltstitel, die über die Art der Zugehö-rigkeit entscheiden, etwa indem sie Erwerbstätigkeit zulassen oder nicht. Mit dem Status der Staatsangehörigkeit hält das Migrationsrecht die denkbar stärkste, politische Form der Zuge-hörigkeit bereit. Für eine rechtsethische Reflexion dieser Regelungsbereiche stellt sich zunächst das Be-gründungsproblem: Welche Maßstäbe sollen herangezogen werden? Die Reflexion kann sich an Grundsätzen persönlicher Moral (was schulde ich …), an Grundsätzen politischer Moral (was schulden wir …) oder an Grundsätzen der Humanität (was schuldet die Menschheit) ebenso orientieren wie an elementaren Rechten Einzelner (rechte-basierter Zugang). Konzeptionelle Grundlegungen lassen sich auf Teilfragen anwenden: (1) Wer ist Migrant (im jeweiligen Status), (2) welche Rechte und Pflichten sind mit dem jeweiligen Status verbunden, (3) wie wird der Status festgestellt. Interessant am Verbund all dieser Fragen ist es, zum Teil parallel geführte Diskurse zusammenzuführen und normative Maßstäbe durch ein größeres Maß an Kohärenz besser abzusichern. Letztlich sollte die Interdependenz von Politik, Recht und Ethik herausgestellt werden: Migra-tion wird politisch gestaltet, rechtlich geformt, und dies auch nach ethischen Maßstäben. Ziel kann es nicht sein, ein ideales Konzept der Steuerung des Migrationsgeschehens zu entwer-fen, sondern dieses auf empirisch wie normativ abgesicherter Grundlage kritisch zu begleiten.

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(nicht vorhanden)

Abstract

This research project focuses on the forms of contact between city-dwelling Syrians in Turkey and Germany, and people who joined together in local initiatives to aid them in resettlement. As of March 2016, the number of Syrian migrants registered in Turkey has reached 2.7 million. Only ten per cent of these live in camps, with the rest trying to build new lives around the country. The Turkish state is responsible for the provision of supplies and services to camp residents; those living in cities, however, struggle to survive by their own means and with aid provided by NGOs or locals. Most of these aid efforts are directed towards providing humanitarian aid, i.e. food, clothing, furniture and heating equipment, while some initiatives arrange emergency housing. There are also other groups offering language classes, medical assistance, playgroups, and so on. The contact between volunteers of these groups and their Syrian beneficiaries are sometimes only one-off, yet others expand over time and turn into established relationships. The more developed a relationship is, the more prominent the aspects of care become. Here, the concept of care stands both for caring about and caring for; respectively addressing the emotional and embodied aspects of care relations. These care relations are the loci of enactments of compassion, love, pity, responsibility, gratefulness, and indebtedness, all of which are often intertwined in complex ways. Drawing on the literature on ethics of and focusing on the workings of power in such ethics, I argue that discipline is immanent to care. In other words, care relationships necessarily lead to the disciplining of both the carers and the cared for. The core question here is, which normative registers are articulated in the enactments of the care-discipline dyad: religious norms, nationalist aspirations, prevalent conceptions of gender, and/or capitalist work ethics? The special blend differs for different organisations, i.e. religious or secular organisations, and for different beneficiaries, i.e. Turkish, Kurdish, Arab or Roma, and so on. My on-going ethnographic research focuses on encounters in the field in order to explore and illustrate how care and discipline are enacted in the relations between Syrian migrants and local volunteers. These enactments are of particular importance in showing the expectations from Syrian migrants regarding their integration. I am also planning to extend this research to German civic initiatives that aid refugees coming to Germany for relocation. Initiatives working with the residents of Berlin’s Massenunterkünften would be possible research partners. As civic initiatives that respond to the urgent needs of refugees, the encounters between volunteers and beneficiaries of these organisations would provide a good case for comparison, and such data-rich comparison would benefit policy-oriented and academic debates as well as social work practices in both countries.

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(nicht vorhanden)

Abstract

This PhD project investigates how judgments of the European Court of Human Rights affect asylum and refugee policies of the European Union. It further examines the role of different groups of actors encompassing non-governmental organisations, academia, and policy-makers regarding the nexus of ECtHR jurisdiction and EU policy-making processes. Applying a theory-building variant of process-tracing to three landmark judgments of the ECtHR, I aim to map out a causal mechanism that a) explains which actors and activities are impactful when transforming a judgment into policy, b) provides insights into variation in the effects of judgments and c) takes account of significant context variables. Drawing on previous research on the Court’s landmark judgment in the case of MSS v Belgium and Greece, a survey and follow up interviews with civil society actors, I am further exploring three issue areas: 1. Understanding the role and scope of influence of the ECtHR within the community of European countries and the European Union. The ECtHR has existed for almost six decades and was reformed in 2010. 47 states have signed the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), and thereby committed to the ECtHR’s jurisdiction. Just before the ECtHR was created, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) had been established in 1952, now ruling 28 EU member states, and the EU institutions. What is the relationship between the two European Courts? How does it play out in EU policy-making processes? What is the ECtHR’s position within the architecture of the European Union? 2. Identifying the groups of actors who engage with the Court’s rulings, as part of the policy making process in the area of asylum. The Court’s rulings speak to several groups of actors – such as policy-makers, civil society actors, judges or academics – directly or indirectly involved in the EU and/or domestic policy-making processes. How do these actors perceive the role of the Court and its rulings? How do they process and channel the ECtHR’s decisions? What role do different groups of actors play in shaping the Court’s influence respectively a specific judgment’s impact? 3. Tracing ECtHR decisions within EU policy-making processes, in the area of asylum, and explaining variation among the trajectories of different judgments. While some judgments of the Court have caused heated public debates at the national and EU level, others have disappeared into thin air. What happens after the delivery of a judgment? How are judgments translated into policy? Are they at all? What are the conditions – such as actor constellations, political contexts etc. – that enhance a judgment’s impact? Which conditions lessen it? Which features of a judgment make it impactful within the policy process? Which features weaken its impact? And finally, can we identify an underlying causal mechanism which can explain the causal forces linking ECtHR judgments to EU policy decisions?